2nd Day । अंग्रेजी व्याकरण

🔤 What is a Suffix? (Suffix का अर्थ)

🔹 In English:

A suffix is a group of letters added at the end of a word to change its meaning or function (such as tense, number, part of speech, etc.).

Example:
kind + ness = kindness (noun)
act + ive = active (adjective)

🔹 हिंदी में:

Suffix (प्रत्यय) वह अक्षर या शब्दांश होते हैं जो किसी शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर उसके अर्थ या रूप को बदल देते हैं।

उदाहरण:
दयालु + ता = दयालुता
सत्य + ता = सत्यता

🔶 Kinds of Suffixes in English (Suffixes के प्रकार)

1. Noun-forming Suffixes

These change a word into a noun.

Common Suffixes:

-ness (kind → kindness)
-ment (develop → development)
-tion / -sion (educate → education, expand → expansion)
-ity / -ty (real → reality, active → activity)
-er / -or / -ist (teach → teacher, act → actor, art → artist)

Examples with Hindi Meaning:

happiness = खुशी
development = विकास
teacher = शिक्षक
education = शिक्षा
artist = कलाकार

2. Adjective-forming Suffixes

These change a word into an adjective (describing word).

Common Suffixes:

-ful (help → helpful)
-less (care → careless)
-ous / -ious (danger → dangerous, mystery → mysterious)
-able / -ible (understand → understandable, access → accessible)
-ic / -ical (poetry → poetic, history → historical)
-y (cloud → cloudy)

Examples with Hindi Meaning:

beautiful = सुंदर
fearless = निडर
helpful = मददगार
dangerous = खतरनाक
poetic = काव्यात्मक

3. Verb-forming Suffixes

These change a word into a verb (action word).

Common Suffixes:

-en (strength → strengthen)
-ify (pure → purify)
-ise / -ize (modern → modernize, terror → terrorise)
-ate (active → activate)

Examples with Hindi Meaning:

strengthen = मजबूत करना
purify = शुद्ध करना
modernize = आधुनिक बनाना
activate = सक्रिय करना

4. Adverb-forming Suffixes

These change a word into an adverb (modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs).

Common Suffixes:

-ly (quick → quickly, slow → slowly)
-ward / -wards (back → backward, for → forward)
-wise (clock → clockwise, other → otherwise)

Examples with Hindi Meaning:

slowly = धीरे-धीरे
quickly = जल्दी से
backward = पीछे की ओर
clockwise = घड़ी की दिशा में

✅ Rules and Usage of Suffixes

1. Word Spelling May Change:

If a word ends in 'y' and the suffix starts with a vowel, 'y' often changes to 'i'.
Example: happy → happiness

2. Doubling the Final Consonant:

For one-syllable words ending in consonant-vowel-consonant, double the final consonant before a vowel suffix.
Example: run → running, big → bigger

3. Silent 'e' is Dropped Before a Vowel Suffix:

Example: make → making, hope → hoping

✴️ Hindi Explanation of Suffixes (Suffix = प्रत्यय)

🔹 प्रत्यय क्या है?

प्रत्यय वे शब्दांश होते हैं जो किसी मूल शब्द के अंत में जुड़ते हैं और नया शब्द बनाते हैं।

🔹 प्रमुख प्रकार:

भाववाचक संज्ञा बनाने वाले प्रत्यय:
- ता → दयालु + ता = दयालुता
- पन → छोटा + पन = छोटापन
- ई → मीठा + ई = मिठाई
विशेषण बनाने वाले प्रत्यय:
- वाला → काम + वाला = कामवाला
- युक्त → गुण + युक्त = गुणवत्तायुक्त
क्रिया बनाने वाले प्रत्यय:
- ना → बोल + ना = बोलना
- ना → चल + ना = चलना