✅ History of Computers – 100 Key Points for - TCS IT QUIZ AND ALL COMPETITIVE EXAM
1. The word “computer” comes from the word “compute,” meaning “to calculate.”
2. In ancient times, people used fingers, pebbles, and sticks to count.
3. The earliest known calculating tool is the Abacus, invented around 2500 BC in China.
4. The Abacus is considered the first manual computer.
5. In the 17th century, John Napier invented Napier’s Bones for multiplication and division.
6. Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline in 1642, a mechanical calculator.
7. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved Pascal’s calculator and created the Stepped Reckoner.
8. Joseph-Marie Jacquard introduced punch cards in 1801 for weaving machines.
9. Charles Babbage is called the Father of Computers.
10. He designed the Difference Engine in 1822 to calculate polynomial functions.
11. Later, he designed the Analytical Engine in 1837, the first concept of a programmable computer.
12. Ada Lovelace, a mathematician, is called the first computer programmer.
13. In 1890, Herman Hollerith used punch cards for the U.S. Census Machine.
14. Hollerith later founded a company that became IBM.
15. The first computer bug was a moth found stuck in a relay in 1947.
16. Alan Turing developed the concept of the Turing Machine in 1936.
17. He is called the Father of Theoretical Computer Science.
18. Konrad Zuse built the Z1, the first binary programmable computer in 1938.
19. Colossus, built in 1943, was used to decrypt Nazi codes during World War II.
20. Harvard Mark I, developed in 1944, was an electromechanical computer.
21. ENIAC, built in 1946, was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
22. ENIAC weighed 30 tons and used 17,000 vacuum tubes.
23. Vacuum tubes were used in First Generation Computers (1940–1956).
24. These computers were very large and used high electricity.
25. UNIVAC I, launched in 1951, was the first commercial computer.
26. Second Generation Computers (1956–1963) used transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
27. Transistors made computers smaller and more reliable.
28. Third Generation Computers (1964–1971) used Integrated Circuits (ICs).
29. ICs allowed computers to perform faster calculations.
30. Fourth Generation Computers (1971–Present) use microprocessors.
31. The Intel 4004 was the first microprocessor invented in 1971.
32. Microprocessors are like the brain of computers (CPU).
33. Fifth Generation Computers are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
34. AI computers can learn and make decisions.
35. Floppy disks were used for data storage in the 1970s and 80s.
36. Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) provided larger storage.
37. CD-ROMs were introduced in the 1980s for software distribution.
38. USB drives replaced CDs in the 2000s.
39. Cloud storage is now the latest trend in data storage.
40. The first computer programmer language was FORTRAN, created in 1957.
41. Later languages like COBOL, BASIC, C, and C++ were developed.
42. Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975.
43. Apple was founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976.
44. Apple introduced the Apple I computer.
45. In 1981, IBM launched its first personal computer (PC).
46. MS-DOS was the first operating system for PCs.
47. Windows 1.0 was released by Microsoft in 1985.
48. Windows 95 introduced the Start Menu.
49. Linux, an open-source OS, was launched by Linus Torvalds in 1991.
50. Mac OS X was released by Apple in 2001.
51. Laptops became popular in the early 2000s as portable computers.
52. Netbooks were small, low-cost laptops designed mainly for internet use.
53. Tablets like the iPad, launched in 2010, made computing more touch-based.
54. Smartphones combined mobile phones with computer features.
55. Android OS was developed by Google in 2008.
56. Artificial Intelligence (AI) allows computers to think like humans.
57. Machine Learning helps computers learn from data.
58. Deep Learning is used in robots, self-driving cars, and face recognition.
59. Quantum Computing is the next major revolution in computer technology.
60. Quantum Computers use qubits instead of binary bits (0 and 1).
61. Companies like Google, IBM, and Microsoft are researching quantum computers.
62. Supercomputers are the fastest computers in the world.
63. PARAM, developed in India, is a famous supercomputer series.
64. Fugaku (Japan) was the world’s fastest supercomputer in 2021.
65. Laptops, tablets, and smartphones are called personal computing devices.
66. Wearable computers include smartwatches and fitness bands.
67. Embedded Systems are tiny computers inside machines like cars and washing machines.
68. IoT (Internet of Things) connects everyday devices to the internet.
69. Cloud Computing allows data to be stored on internet servers instead of personal devices.
70. Web browsers like Chrome and Firefox made internet access easier.
71. Email became the first widely used online communication method.
72. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram rely on computer networks.
73. Computer viruses are harmful programs designed to damage systems.
74. Antivirus software protects computers from threats.
75. Firewalls block unauthorized access to networks.
76. Cybersecurity is essential in modern computer systems.
77. Computer graphics enabled animation and video games.
78. The first video game Pong was released in 1972
79. Virtual Reality (VR) creates a 3D digital world for users.
80. Augmented Reality (AR) adds digital elements to the real world.
81. 3D printing uses computer models to create physical objects.
82. Robotics uses computers to control machines that perform tasks automatically.
83. Drones are flying robots controlled by computers.
84. GPS systems help in navigation using satellites.
85. Voice assistants like Alexa and Siri use AI to respond to user commands.
86. Blockchain technology powers digital currencies like Bitcoin.
87. Data Science involves analyzing large amounts of digital data.
88. Big Data helps companies make smarter decisions.
89. Cloud gaming allows games to be played without installing them.
90. Online learning platforms use computers for virtual education.
91. Telemedicine allows doctors to treat patients online.
92. E-commerce websites like Amazon use computers for online shopping.
93. Digital payments replaced cash transactions.
94. Biometric authentication uses fingerprints or facial recognition for security.
95. Smart homes use computers to control lights, fans, and appliances.
96. Self-driving cars use AI to drive automatically.
97. Satellites and space missions are controlled by computers.
98. Computer programming is the language of computers.
99. Without computers, modern life would be impossible.
100. Computers have evolved from simple calculators to intelligent machines.
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