Chapter 10 | 🚀 Class 12 Geography Made Easy! | India – People and Economy | Quick Revision Notes for MP Board & CBSE”

Class 12th Geography | India: People and Economy

Chapter 10: Appendix

Quick Revision Notes for Board Exams 2026

Objective of the Appendix

The appendix provides statistical facts related to India's population, human development, employment, poverty, migration, and literacy. These data points are essential for solving analytical and data-based questions.

1. Population Facts

India is the most populous country in the world (post-2023).
Population Density = Persons per square km.
High Density States: Bihar, West Bengal, Kerala.
Low Density States: Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Sikkim.

Key Fact: High Population Density = Higher pressure on land.

2. Literacy Rate

Defined as a person aged 7 years or above who can read and write with understanding.

High Literacy: Kerala (1st), Mizoram, Tripura.
Low Literacy: Bihar, Rajasthan, Jharkhand.

Observation: Male Literacy > Female Literacy.

3. Sex Ratio

Number of females per 1000 males.

High Sex Ratio: Kerala, Puducherry.
Low Sex Ratio: Haryana, Punjab.

It is a critical indicator of social development and gender equity.

4. Working Population

Age Group: 15–59 years. Includes Main and Marginal workers.

1. Primary Sector: Agriculture, Mining

2. Secondary Sector: Manufacturing, Industries

3. Tertiary Sector: Services

The majority of the Indian workforce is still engaged in the Primary Sector.

5. Human Development Index (HDI)

Key Components:

Life Expectancy (Health)
Education/Knowledge
Per Capita Income (Standard of Living)

Leading States: Kerala and Himachal Pradesh.

6. Poverty and Migration

Poverty line is determined by the inability to meet minimum requirements. Rural poverty remains higher than urban poverty in several regions.

Migration types include Internal and International. Major causes are employment (Push/Pull factors), education, and marriage. Rural to Urban migration is most prominent.