📘 Class 12 Geography
Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources
⭐ MP Board & CBSE Board Exam 2026–Oriented ⭐
**ULTRA-REVISION NOTES, ONE-LINERS, AND MCQs**
🧠 Quick Revision Notes
1️⃣ Mineral Resources
Natural metallic and non-metallic substances obtained from the earth are called Minerals.
- ➡️ Minerals are the backbone of India's industrial and economic development.
2️⃣ Types of Minerals
Minerals are mainly divided into two types:
- 🔹 1. Metallic Minerals: Contain metal content. Examples: Iron, Aluminium (Bauxite), Copper, Gold.
- 🔹 2. Non-Metallic Minerals: Do not contain metal content. Examples: Potash, Mica, Stone, Limestone.
3️⃣ Major Minerals and Their Regions in India
| Mineral | Major Regions/States |
|---|---|
| Iron | Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha [attachment_0](attachment) |
| Bauxite | Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Gujarat |
| Copper | Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka |
| Gold | Karnataka (Kolar), Jharkhand |
4️⃣ Energy Resources
Resources useful for electricity generation and industry.
🔹 Types:
| Conventional Energy (Exhaustible) | Non-Conventional / Renewable Energy (Inexhaustible) |
|---|---|
| Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Hydroelectric, Nuclear | Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Biomass, Geothermal [attachment_1](attachment) |
5️⃣ Major Energy Resource Regions in India
- Coal: Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh (Most abundant)
- Oil (Petroleum): Gujarat (Ankleshwar), Maharashtra (Bombay High), Assam (Digboi)
- Natural Gas: Eastern Region (Krishna-Godavari Basin)
- Hydro Energy: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh
6️⃣ Mineral and Energy Resource Problems
- Uneven Distribution: Minerals are concentrated in only a few regions.
- Risk of Exhaustion due to over-exploitation (for non-renewable resources).
- Environmental Impact from mining and use (Pollution, land degradation).
- Dependency on Imports for oil and gas.
7️⃣ Conservation Measures
- Mineral Recycling: Repeated use of metals.
- Development of Renewable Energy: Maximum utilization of solar and wind power.
- Increasing Energy Saving and Efficiency.
- Finding Substitutes for scarce minerals.
8️⃣ Important Keywords
Metallic Mineral, Non-Metallic Mineral, Conventional Energy, Renewable Energy, Mineral Recycling, Energy Conservation.
⭐ Golden One-Liners (Exam Ready)
- Coal is the most abundant mineral resource in India.
- There is unevenness in the supply of oil and gas.
- Renewable energy is the need of the future.
- Mineral and energy resources are the foundation of industrial development.
✍️ Exam Tips (2026)
- ✔️ Remember the major minerals and their states (distribution).
- ✔️ List the types of energy resources (Conventional/Renewable) in a Table.
- ✔️ Clearly explain the conservation measures for minerals and energy in separate points.
- ✔️ Answer pointwise and clearly.
📝 20 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1️⃣ Mineral resources refer to—
A. Only metal
B. Only energy sources
C. Natural metallic and non-metallic substances obtained from the earth
D. Only coal
Ans. C
2️⃣ Which is the most abundant mineral resource in India?
A. Gold
B. Coal
C. Bauxite
D. Copper
Ans. B
3️⃣ The main state for Iron is—
A. Rajasthan
B. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha
C. Karnataka
D. Uttar Pradesh
Ans. B
4️⃣ Bauxite is mainly found in—
A. Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Gujarat
B. Punjab
C. Himachal
D. Uttar Pradesh
Ans. A
5️⃣ The major regions for Gold are—
A. Karnataka, Jharkhand
B. Odisha
C. Madhya Pradesh
D. Gujarat
Ans. A
6️⃣ The main production area for Copper is—
A. Rajasthan
B. Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka
C. Maharashtra
D. Gujarat
Ans. B
7️⃣ An example of a non-metallic mineral is—
A. Iron
B. Copper
C. Stone, Potash
D. Gold
Ans. C
8️⃣ The main purpose of energy resources is—
A. Water collection
B. Industry and power generation
C. Tourism
D. Agricultural land
Ans. B
9️⃣ Which is NOT included in conventional energy?
A. Coal
B. Petroleum
C. Solar energy
D. Natural gas
Ans. C
10️⃣ An example of renewable energy is—
A. Coal
B. Wind energy
C. Petroleum
D. Natural gas
Ans. B
11️⃣ The major region for oil in India is—
A. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Assam
B. Karnataka
C. Jharkhand
D. Madhya Pradesh
Ans. A
12️⃣ The highest production of coal in India occurs in—
A. Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh
B. Maharashtra
C. Uttar Pradesh
D. Rajasthan
Ans. A
13️⃣ The main states for hydro energy production are—
A. Rajasthan, Gujarat
B. Uttarakhand, Himachal, Arunachal
C. Maharashtra, Punjab
D. Uttar Pradesh
Ans. B
14️⃣ The main problem of mineral and energy resources is—
A. Unlimited availability
B. Uneven distribution
C. Environmental friendliness
D. Energy conservation
Ans. B
15️⃣ The main reason for promoting renewable energy is—
A. Mineral exhaustion
B. Environmental protection
C. Energy saving
D. All correct
Ans. D
16️⃣ The major regions for natural gas in India are—
A. Eastern Region
B. Western Rajasthan
C. Punjab
D. Gujarat
Ans. A
17️⃣ A measure adopted for mineral conservation is—
A. Mineral recycling
B. Excessive exploitation
C. Abandoning minerals
D. Lowering groundwater level
Ans. A
18️⃣ The unbalanced distribution of energy resources in India is mainly due to—
A. Uneven distribution of mineral wealth
B. High rainfall
C. Agricultural expansion
D. Tourism
Ans. A
19️⃣ Examples of green energy are—
A. Coal and Petroleum
B. Wind and Solar energy
C. Natural gas and Hydro
D. Copper and Iron
Ans. B
20️⃣ Mineral and energy resources are important for—
A. Industry, agriculture, power generation
B. Only tourism
C. Only water collection
D. Only mining
Ans. A
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